Interview with Hanhan Wang EECS, robots, and more!

Interview with Hanhan Wang EECS, robots, and more! Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (more commonly referred to as Course 6 or EECS) is the most popular major at MIT with 700 undergraduates. The EECS department is the best in the country and has pioneered the fields of artificial intelligence, computer science theory, and electrical engineering. Course 6 alums and professors have developed the first video game and joystick, a detector for interplanetary communication, HDTV, Ethernet, and much more. They have also founded companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Qualcomm, Analog Devices, and Texas Instruments. I sat down with Hanhan Wang, a senior majoring in Course 6 to learn about her experiences with the major. Hanhans love for Course 6 is contagious! In high school, she learned about robotics through Carnegie Mellons summer programs and later taught LEGO robotics to middle schoolers at RoboCamp. After realizing her interest in computer science, she naturally made the transition to MIT. She loves the EECS department because of the phenomenal professors, resources, and students. Hanhan especially enjoys the non-competitive environment where everyone pushes themselves to achieve more and people are always willing to help. Granted, every Course 6 major has to work extremely hard, but she loves what she is learning. Next year, she will be designing satellite antennas and communication systems at Orbital Science Corporation. Currently, she is a lab assistant, or L.A., for a new class called 6.081 (Introduction to EECS 1). Course 6 will be changing its curriculum for the Class of 2011, and Hanhan explained the current system and the modifications being introduced. I will try to cover it briefly, but if youre looking for a detailed curriculum, go to http://www.eecs.mit.edu/ug/newcurriculum/index.html. Current curriculum: 4 required subjects (6.001-6.004) that teach you everything you need to know for your more advanced EECS classes Differential equations and an Advanced math class A departmental lab class 5 Headers, which are advanced classes (e.g. 6.011, Introduction to Communication, Control, and Signal Processing) 1 Department Lab such as the infamous software lab, 6.170 where students design a RSS reader, GizmoBall, or Anti-chess. 6.UAT and 6.UAP as a senior New curriculum: As a freshman, take two introductory lab class that is team-based and very broad. The first class, 6.01, the class that Hanhan is helping with, focuses on Python programming and circuit theory in order to control a robot. The second class, 6.02, focuses on computer architecture and communications theory on a simplified cell phone wireless system. 3 foundation subjects (which will include some new classes like an Introduction to Quantum Physics) 3 Headers 2 Advanced/Grad classes in a specific area of EECS 1 Department Lab 6.UAT and 6.UAP as a senior A Tech article quoted EECS Department Head W. Eric L. Grimson PhD 80 as saying, We wanted to develop an introduction to the department that responds to several important pedagogical issues: it should cut more broadly across all of EECS, it should have a strong hands-on experience, and it should engage students in more direct contact with teaching staff than the traditional lecture/recitation format. I took a little trip to the 6.081 classroom and saw the Pioneer robot in its natural habitat (a play pen with bubble wrap walls =) ). The robot is controlled via the students Python code on a laptop. This weeks lab teaches robot localization how a robot can figure out where it is in when you place it at a random spot in a maze. The robot has a map of the maze in its software brain. When it wanders around the maze, the sonar sensors take unique readings from each physical maze location. Then, it does some probability calculations to figure out its most likely position, based on its current sonsar readings, the path it has already traversed, and the optimal sonar readings expected at each maze location. This approach works extremely accurately, although sometimes the robot gets confused when the maze is symmetrical! Can any of you guess what the bubble wrap is for? If you have any questions about Course 6 or the class, post a comment and Im sure someone can answer it.

Postmodern Art And Its Impact On Modern Society - 2133 Words

Postmodern art is typically anti-establishment and rebellious, the beginning of postmodern art can be found in the late 1950’s-1960’s although the term was first used around 1970. The movement differed from previous movements as it deliberately went against the rules, artists used many different disciplines within one piece of work. A core value of postmodern art is that it is for everyone and tries to be a connection between art and everyday life. Modernism triggered post-modernism, modernism painted a perfect life and used religion and truths as a way of life (e.g. Sigmund Freud and his theories) Modernist’s artists concentrated on technique and the form of their artwork rather than complicating the process they preferred simpler more clarified techniques. After the second world war and the huge loss of communities of men and battalions the focus shifted rather selfishly on to the individual after all it was still a dog eat dog world with the united kingdom very much still feeling the affects of the war. Rationing still continued and things where very different compared to the USA where there country had not actively been affected by the war. While Britain was in the middle of an economic downturn America seemingly progressed at a much faster rate. Individualism was to be propelled to the forefront of America youth with groups such as Greasers and teddy boys now appealing to the youth. Rock and roll and Elvis was about to hit the scene and completely go against theShow MoreRelatedThe Journey Of Postmodern Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe Journey to Postmodern Art The field of visual art is extremely broad, therefore art historians have been attempting to categorize it based on style, time of creation, and subject matter for centuries. 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This trend is mainly influence by the fact that the financial gains in commercial art are much greater than in fine art. Since the designers are instructed on what to do by their clients, their level of creativity and ingenuity is minimized. This is partially attributed to the fact that many people have misunderstood the true meaning of fine art. HoweverRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Film Analysis1647 Words   |  7 Pagesis classified as an early modern to postmodern adaption of Romeo Juliet. In this analysis, Courtney focuses on what changes were made from the original play to make the story more modern while also pondering if the original play was already postmodern to begin with. This leads her to discuss how exactly these changes effect the impact of the story along with how authorship is changed in an age of adaption. 2. Due to Courtney Lehmann’s deep analysis of the films postmodern influences within an ageRead MoreA Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: Edmund Burke1299 Words   |  6 Pagespotential influence between them. But this work is not a compendium of archaeological terms and arid thesis, but rather a crawl over time with a practical purpose: to reflect the aesthetic space as a theoretical analysis to try to understand contemporary society. 1. The sublime Before analysing the sublime in Burkes work we will try to explain what this term means. The term â€Å"sublime† beginning to be used in the late 16th century (in the sense dignified, aloof) Comes from Latin ‘’sublimis’’, from sub-

A Persona Of Emmett Till - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 442 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Emmett Till Essay Did you like this example?    Look what Mississippi did to my boy (Mamie Till, page 131) His mom quoted when she was informed of Emmetts short life and terrifying death. Emmett had an amazing life   as a black boy in Chicago. He had a white girlfriend, great school, a numerous amount of friends, and the most important one, no hate or racism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Persona Of Emmett Till" essay for you Create order Emmett was living his life! He really liked exploring and playing baseball. He was a normal boy that did not deserve the death he had. In 1955, Emmett Till was tragically tortured and murdered in Mississippi leading to his mother displaying her sons body. Triumph that it shocked the whole world and it started the civil right movement.  Ã‚   To begin with in 1955 the south was still segregated nowhere more so than Mississippi. Emmett Till, a 14 year old black boy from Chicago, went to visit relatives in Money Mississippi and also wanted to go see his cousins. He did not understand the southern culture nor danger that existed for African American. Although Emmetts mom though it would be a terrible idea, Emmett was really looking forward to it. Indeed she was right, it was a terrible idea (HouckDixon, magazine). Furthermore, according to Pophan, Emmett Till was first abducted from his uncle house because he was visiting and staying there. He was taken at 2 A.M or sometime after. After he was abducted, Emmett was killed especially tortured as well shot, and additionally they burned him. After that those 2 white men decided to hide the fact that they killed Emmett Till. They tied Emmet to a heavy object and threw him down a river nearby. After Emmett uncle report about him missing he was found in a horrible condition in a river. They were sent to court. The court only took 30 min and it was because they wanted a beverage. They were sent off the hook and sent them free. Although they were set off free, Mamie would not let this finish like this (HouckDixon). Emmetts mom demanded Emmetts body to be buried in Chicago. Mamie Till decided on an open coffin, to see what Mississippi did to her child. It was a hard journey for Mamie Till, but she she said that would make it.This funeral shocked the whole world. Millions of people all around the world came to see this funeral. A lot of Negros and even white people were really upset about this. Most people felt like this had gone way to far, so they revolted and took a step. This caused one of the first movement to end racism, this was a bad cause, but it had an amazing effect.

Capitalist Hegemony Free Essays

Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest Alex Jackson Sarah Ciurysek Capitalist Hegemony at its Finest. By Alex Jackson Throughout time different societies have seen their respective take on pop culture. Pop culture is not simply a culture that has suddenly sprung from the ground in the last 20 years and wormed its way into text books, periodicals and university debates; it is a culture built around a defined group of ideas, perspectives and attitudes. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalist Hegemony or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pop culture in its evolutionary path has seen many changes from Roman sculpture to Baroque paintings to post-war Abstract expressionism, all amounting to what we know today to be our pop culture. However, the pop culture that we experience on a day-to-day basis in the 21st century is one unparalleled by the pop culture already seen and past. Today we are surrounded by the ever-expanding mass media. Since the invention of the Internet in the 1980’s, mass media has spread like wildfire and with it the furthering evolution of the 21st century’s pop culture. With the growth of mass media in our pop culture we see new trends and patterns. As we all know, North America was built on a firm foundation of capitalism. This capitalism is the foundation not only for businesses and corporations, but for our developing culture as well. A growing notion and potential fear amidst this evolving foundation is the existence of capitalist hegemony. For one to understand this term one must know the definition of the two words individually. Mirriam Webster’s dictionary defines capitalism as ‘an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods, by investments that are determined by private decision, prices, production and the distribution of goods†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Hegemony, defined also by Webster’s dictionary is ‘the social, cultural, ideological, or economic influence exerted by a dominant group. In combination, the two represent a power exerting itself over a group in attempts to feed and control consumerism. Capitalist hegemony can be seen on the television, in advertisements, film and video games. The method by which capitalist hegemony is spread, that we will consider in this essay, is the video game. Video games contribute to the spread of capitalist hegemony in two ways: through the easily-accepted method of suggestion of consumerist narratives; and through the extremist method of exerting complacency on a populous. From an early age, all of us have been bombarded with a consumer culture. We have been taught by mass media always to want, look for and buy the next big thing. Video games have taken up this torch in that easily-accepted, subtle way. There’s no need to tell a person to buy, the task is more indirect. Gamers play through a story, the narrative more often than not being all about consumerism of one form or another. As masked as the consumerist plot may be, it is more than likely there. Take for example a game such as Dead Space 2. This game involves the main character Isaac Clarke fighting his way through the Sprawl in attempts to destroy a giant relic called the Marker, which is responsible for an alien infestation. At first glance, the story line of Dead Space 2 gives no evidence of capitalist tendencies; however the player need only kill one of the creatures in the game and pick up the loot to enter currency into the game. Money and power nodes allow the player to upgrade Isaac’s abilities and buy weapons and suits, and additional ammo and med packs. The gamer thereby is subliminally being taught the values of capitalism, make money buy new things. In other approaches to video games the developers don’t go to such length to mask consumerism. In games such as Need for Speed Underground the player races for money so as to purchase upgrades for already purchased cars, and to buy new ones. In Digital Games and Cultural Studies by Garry Crawford and Jason Rutter, this point is explained: â€Å"Numerous games are based upon the principle of capital accumulation where the central aim and theme is to make more money to improve character’s avatar’s skills or possessions. (Crawford and Rutter) One might argue for sports-related games such as Madden NFL 12, or NHL 11 where the object of the game appears to be purely sport. Win a game, move to the next round is the essential plot; however, these video games have been sponsored by larger companies looking to get their name out to more consumers. Although the advertisemen ts are small and only seen on the back boards of the field or ice rink where the game is staged, the information does go in. According to studies, advertisements need to be put in front of the viewer for an extended amount of time before he viewer picks up on it. What better place than a video game to expose a viewer to a continuous stream of advertisements. To add to the two previous methods of consumerism being pushed through video games, there remains a third methodology. Typically, a well received video game will be made into a series. The game that supersedes the one before it always promises to be bigger and better; better graphics, better sound, etc. This leaves the player wanting more and lusting for the next big chapter. Many large game development companies such as EA games with Battlefield, and UBISOFT with Halo follow this trend and have met been with great success. Crawford and Rutter, in reference to the Birmingham School can be quoted as saying that, â€Å"the shared values and culture of a society are those based largely on dominant (that is, ruling class) values and ideologies. † (Crawford and Rutter) If our dominant culture is founded on capitalism, then the governing values and ideologies have to be exerted via subcultures such as pop culture and the ways in which its groups communicate. We have looked at the spread of consumerism via video games. This concept is easy to swallow because we see evidence of it everywhere we look. However, the second theory of how pop culture contributes to capitalist hegemony isn’t so easy to digest. As technology continues to advance and things such as social networking and portable communications grow, we begin to see a decrease in the need to go outside and meet people. The same goes for video games. With the introduction to video games in the 1970’s we have seen the creation of a new kind of computer geek, the gamer. Gamers can spend extended amounts of time inside, staring at a screen. With the advancement of video game graphics, intriguing storylines and strategic challenges, it’s no wonder gamers would rather play video games than interact, play sports or become useful members of society. A sudden lack of community has sprung up in the midst of our new found technological enlightenment. Digital gaming could be seen (and has been seen by many) as a clear illustration of the individualization of society†. (Crawford and Rutter) People no longer need to come outside to communicate, to do activity or exercise. â€Å"The rate at which these games are flying off the shelves would suggest more football is being played on home computers than on local fields†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (O’Connor, 2002). The uprising of this new phenomenon is evidence of a growing complace ncy in our society. People needing to do less and less. Looking at this from the viewpoint of a large capitalist corporation, it means profit; maintaining ‘the existing status quo [to] promote dominant capitalist values,’ (Crawford and Rutter) keep people inside, in front of a screen absorbing information that fuels their desire to buy. Stuart Hall suggests that â€Å"cultural products (such as television programmers, popular music and digital games) may be ‘encoded’ with dominant values, ideas and beliefs. † (Hall, 1980) Albeit a little extreme, Hall is supported in an indirect way. John Hopson, a games researcher at Microsoft Games Studios holds a doctorate in behavioral and brain sciences. Based on one of Hopson’s studies, a gamer can in essence be persuaded to produce a set of behaviors the developers want, â€Å"each contingency is an arrangement of time, activity, and reward, and there are an infinite number of ways these elements can be combined to produce the pattern of activity you want from players. † (Hopson) Simply put, large corporations intend to subliminally brain wash us with messages of use to capitalist pursuits. These ideas are conceptual, large and potentially a bit fanciful, but the evidence supporting them is happening before our eyes. People keep on buying based on information consumed through media portals including game consoles. The emergence of gamers and the diminishing need to go outside is a constant reminder that, although seemingly unrealistic, someone is using the right approach to acquire profit. Video games, among other methods, contribute to some form of capitalist hegemony whether intended or not. It would be frightening to know that a corporation would approach the market with such fervor as to send subliminal messaging through a game console. It’s surprising the very real effect of advertisement has on the consumer. -â€Å"Merriam-Webster. † http://www. erriam-webster. com/. N. p. , 2011. Web. 14 Apr 2011. -Crawford, Garry, and Jason Rutter. â€Å"Digital Games and Cultural Studies. † Sage Publications. (2006) -O’Connor, A. (2002) â€Å"Evan better than the real thing? †, The Times, The Game Supplement, 9 December. Pp 2-3. -Hall, S. (1980) â€Å"Encoding/ decodin g†, in S. Hall, D. Hobson, A Lowe and P. Willis (eds) Culture, Median, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp 215-43 -Hopson, John. â€Å"Behavioral Game Design. † Gamasutra (2001): n. pag. Web. 14 Apr 2011. http://www. gamasutra. com/view/feature/3085/behavioral_game_design. php. How to cite Capitalist Hegemony, Essay examples

Theres No Place Like Home Essay Example

Theres No Place Like Home Essay As a little girl growing up in a tiny Illinois farm town, I would often dream of moving to Chicago and becoming somebody completely different. When I finally arrived there after graduating from high school, I was absolutely overwhelmed. After a while, I discovered that while my location had changed, I was still that small town girl. Since that time I have asked myself: is home merely a state of mind? Is geography nothing more than a physical location? And, in the case of Christopher McCandless and Gerald Broflofski, can changing your identity be as easy as changing your zip code? I do not believe that to be the case. In fact, I find the opposite to be true. It is one’s experiences and morals that makes a person who they are. Location, ultimately, is just a backdrop. As a young man, Christopher McCandless is raised in an upper-middle class family in a metropolitan area on the East Coast. He is educated, athletic and well travelled. His family is part of the All-American culture of comfortable suburban homes, country clubs and higher education. His athleticism and education both play into his previous survival for four months in the Alaskan bush. We will write a custom essay sample on Theres No Place Like Home specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theres No Place Like Home specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theres No Place Like Home specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Similarly, South Park’s animated character Gerald Broflofski is living the typical American dream in his little part of the world. He resides in urban Colorado with his homemaker wife and two sons. Broflofski is part of the regular-Joe society of South Park. Both of these individuals have building blocks that have been laid that determine who they are by these experiences. Additionally, McCandless tries to push aside the morals of his upper middle class rearing and he turns his back on a financially secure future, but it is those very qualities that give him the tools and the belief to go out on his own. His studies in Anthropology and History in college help to develop his desire to live a less complicated nonmaterialistic, more virtuous lifestyle. This is the reason he journeys to the Alaskan wilderness. He tries so hard to change himself he creates and alternate identity and writes on the plywood window in the bus, â€Å"No longer to be poisoned by civilization he flees, and walks alone upon the land to become lost in the wild. Alexander Supertramp† (Jon Krakauer, Into the Wild, 291) It does not matter that he is not prepared for it. All that matters to him is that he gets away from everything he has every known. Correspondingly, Broflofski decides he wants to be â€Å"Part of the solution, not part of the problem† (Smug Alert! South Park). He gets a new ecologically sensible Hybrid vehicle which leads him to make the high-minded decision that the socially irresponsible people of Southpark no longer understand him. This ushers in his desire is to live amongst those who are more like him. When McCandless and Broflofski feel they are being poisoned by their existing lives, they both want to escape to a different zip code. By changing their physical location, they believed, they could change who they were. But, Home isn’t just a state of mind, geography is so much more than just a location and identity is alterable but it is also repairable. In the end it is nature that stops McCandless from being able to rejoin civilization when he realizes after almost four months on his own that what he really desires is to live life simply in the company of others. While the fictional Brofloski’s make it back to South Park Colorado thanks to the great smug storms, they once again find that they are home among those who are really most like them. In the manner of Dorothy and her tornado in the Wizard of OZ, both McCandless and the Broflofski’s discover that there really is no place like home. Krakauer, Jon. â€Å"Selections from Into the Wild. † The New Humanities Reader. Eds. Richard Miller Kurt Spellmeyer. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006. 286-306. Print â€Å"Smug Alert! † South Park. (Trey Parker Matt Stone). Comedy Partners. 29Mar. 2006 Television

Cocagne’s Soupe a L’oignon

Cocagne’s Soupe a L’oignon Cocagne’s Soupe a L’oignon Cocagnes Soupe a Loignon is usually served with cheese sandwiches preferably grilled and a roasted cippolini at the center of the soup with a poached egg placed at the center. In Canada the soup is in served in the province of Newfoundland Labrador. Vegetable antipasto is in most cases composed of eggplant, olive tomatoes, marinated artichokes and buffalo mozzarella. This appetizer is from the province of Ontario in Canada. Soupe a Loignon Gratinee this is the slow cooked French soup composed of butter and oil preceded by slow simmering to create a rich taste. This appetizer is in the province of Quebec in Canada. Wild mushroom soup is mostly prominent in the province of Toronto in Canada. It is mainly composed of truffle and chives in the absence of butter or cream. Pizza fondue is the delicious variation from the theme of fondue and is in most cases served with cubes of bread, cooked tortellini and assorted vegetables. Pizza fondue is in some cases served with cured Italian meats. This dish is mostly popular in the Newfoundland Labrador in Canada. Josees Spaghetti with tuna and sun dried tomatoes is the dish which is a favorite of many and is made from sun dried tomato paste among other ingredients. It is common in Newfoundland Labrador although it is also present in Quebec province of Canada. Mariposa farm duck is prepared from a number of ingredients which are dates, the leg of a duck, wild rice pilaf squashed among others. It is mostly prominent in the province of Ontario in Canada. Eggs en cocotte attribute its name to the dish which is made up of eggs cooked normally referred to as ramekins and usually take the appearance of souffl dishes spacious enough for the baking of an egg. This dish is common in the province of Quebec in Canada. Canoe lobster clubhouse most recipes of this dish state that it is prepared from bacon preferably Canadian, smoked cheddar, mayonnaise and Bibb lettuce. This meal is more prominent in the province of Toronto in Canada. Roasted Alberta lamb prepared from a lamb it also has garlic which is roasted and risotto caraway yoghurt as the other ingredients. It is also common in the province of Toronto in Canada. Grilled Provini calfs liver the ingredients for this dish is bacon preferably smoked, Alliston spuds, and apple gastrique. This dish is mostly found in Toronto in Canada. Charlotte malakoff aux fraises this cake which can also be prepared from raspberries is completely engulfed in lady fingers and can be served with strawberry sauce. It is popular in the province of Newfoundland in Canada. Petit pots de crme chocolat this pudding which has a silky texture is served cold with sugar cookies so as to alter the fancy pudding into something like a dinner party fare. This dish is popular in the province of Newfoundland Labrador in Canada. Strawberry coulis some recipes prefer the addition of strawberry so as to establish an increased flavor boost. This dessert is most common in the province of Newfoundland in Canada. MAPLE syrup iced cream this syrup is considered to represent something between ice cream and sorbet. It is considered the desert with the least fat content and one of the easiest to prepare. This desert is more common in the province of Newfoundland in Canada. Recipe COCAGNES SOUPE A LOIGNON The ingredients required are: 8 onions, 8 big cippolini onions, 8 French shallots, 2 tablespoon of olive oil, 6 tablespoon of organic soy sauce,8 tablespoon of red wine, 2 branches of thyme, 2 liters of duck stock 2 bay leaves, white pepper, 1 lb of pikauba cheese and 8 poached eggs. The pikauba cheese can be substituted with aged cheddar. The poached eggs should be kept in cold water until the time to serve the hot soup has been reached. All the onions are peeled, the red onions are chopped and the shallots are finely sliced while the cippolinis are used as a whole. The oil is heated in a large pot over average heat and the sliced onions are added, these onions are cooked until they start to become brown. This usually takes approximately 30 minutes and stirring is usually done simultaneously. The oven is preheated at a temperature of about 190 degrees Celsius and the cippolinis are placed in small fry pan, oiled, with a few drops of water and they are roasted until they can be considered tender, approximately 30 minutes. The pan containing the caramelized onions is deglazed on the stove and the red wine and the soy sauce added on top. These contents are then stirred in the garlic flower, the thyme the bay leaves and lastly the stock. Salt and pepper can then be used for seasoning and further cooking is resumed for an estimated 15 minutes. 8 grilled sandwiches containing cheese are prepared for serving and the soup is placed in 8 bowls and the roasted cippolini is placed in the midst with the poached egg topping. The soup can be served immediately. PIZZA FONDUE The ingredients for preparing this dish are: 12 ounces of grated emmental cheese, 12 ounces of grated gruyere cheese, 3 tablespoons of cornstarch, 2 cloves of garlic,2 cups of Italian diced tomatoes, a cup of parmesan cheese, grated, 3 loaves of Italian bread, mushrooms, broccoli or any other assorted vegetables, pepper, oregano and salt. The gruyere, emmental and the cornstarch are tossed in a big bowl. The diced tomatoes and the minced garlic are heated in the fondue pot over average heat. At the time the tomatoe mixture starts to boil, the cheese mixture is added while stirring is continued preferably with a woden spoon in a movement which mimics the figure eight. When the combination of the mixture is complete and the cheese begins to bubble, pepper, salt and oregano are used for seasoning and these contents are stirred in the parmesan and later transferred to a table top. The pizza fondue is served with assorted vegetables, bread cubes and Italian meats. STRAWBERRY COULIS The ingredients for preparing 300ml of strawberry coulis are: 2 tablespoons of fruit sugar, 2 cups of strawberries, a tablespoon of lemon juice preferably fresh, and a tablespoon of kirsch. The fresh strawberries are cut into tiny pieces and then placed in a bowl. Sugar and lemon juice, is sprinkled over these pieces and they are refrigerated overnight. The fruit is pureed in the bowl using a blender until it is smooth. The coulis is strained and whisked in the kirsch.

How to Use Charts, Graphs, and Maps for Information

How to Use Charts, Graphs, and Maps for Information Many people find frequency tables, crosstabs, and other forms of numerical statistical results intimidating. The same information can usually be presented in graphical form, which makes it easier to understand and less intimidating. Graphs tell a story with visuals rather than in words or numbers and can help readers understand the substance of the findings rather than the technical details behind the numbers. There are numerous graphing options when it comes to presenting data. Here we will take a look at the most popularly used: pie charts, bar graphs, statistical maps, histograms, and frequency polygons. Pie Charts A pie chart is a graph that shows the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of a nominal or ordinal variable. The categories are displayed as segments of a circle whose pieces add up to 100 percent of the total frequencies. Pie charts are a great way to graphically show a frequency distribution. In a pie chart, the frequency or percentage is represented both visually and numerically, so it is typically quick for readers to understand the data and what the researcher is conveying. Bar Graphs Like a pie chart, a bar graph is also a way to visually show the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of a nominal or ordinal variable. In a bar graph, however, the categories are displayed as rectangles of equal width with their height proportional to the frequency of percentage of the category. Unlike pie charts, bar graphs are very useful for comparing categories of a variable among different groups. For example, we can compare marital status among U.S. adults by gender. This graph would, thus, have two bars for each category of marital status: one for males and one for females. The pie chart does not allow you to include more than one group. You would have to create two separate pie charts, one for females and one for males. Statistical Maps Statistical maps are a way to display the geographic distribution of data. For example, let’s say we are studying the geographic distribution of the elderly persons in the United States. A statistical map would be a great way to visually display our data. On our map, each category is represented by a different color or shade and the states are then shaded depending on their classification into the different categories. In our example of the elderly in the United States, let’s say we had four categories, each with its own color: Less than 10 percent (red), 10 to 11.9 percent (yellow), 12 to 13.9 percent (blue), and 14 percent or more (green). If 12.2 percent of Arizona’s population is over 65 years old, Arizona would be shaded blue on our map. Likewise, if Florida’s has 15 percent of its population aged 65 and older, it would be shaded green on the map. Maps can display geographical data on the level of cities, counties, city blocks, census tracts, countries, states, or other units. This choice depends on the researcher’s topic and the questions they are exploring. Histograms A histogram is used to show the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of an interval-ratio variable. The categories are displayed as bars, with the width of the bar proportional to the width of the category and the height proportional to the frequency or percentage of that category. The area that each bar occupies on a histogram tells us the proportion of the population that falls into a given interval. A histogram looks very similar to a bar chart, however, in a histogram, the bars are touching and may not be of equal width. In a bar chart, the space between the bars indicates that the categories are separate. Whether a researcher creates a bar chart or a histogram depends on the type of data he or she is using. Typically, bar charts are created with qualitative data (nominal or ordinal variables) while histograms are created with quantitative data (interval-ratio variables). Frequency Polygons A frequency polygon is a graph showing the differences in frequencies or percentages among categories of an interval-ratio variable. Points representing the frequencies of each category are placed above the midpoint of the category and are joined by a straight line. A frequency polygon is similar to a histogram, however, instead of bars, a point is used to show the frequency and all the points are then connected with a line. Distortions in Graphs When a graph is distorted, it can quickly deceive the reader into thinking something other than what the data really says. There are several ways that graphs can be distorted. Probably the most common way that graphs get distorted is when the distance along the vertical or horizontal axis is altered in relation to the other axis. Axes can be stretched or shrunk to create any desired result. For example, if you were to shrink the horizontal axis (X axis), it could make the slope of your line graph appear steeper than it actually is, giving the impression that the results are more dramatic than they are. Likewise, if you expanded the horizontal axis while keeping the vertical axis (Y axis) the same, the slope of the line graph would be more gradual, making the results appear less significant than they really are. When creating and editing graphs, it is important to make sure the graphs do not get distorted. Oftentimes, it can happen by accident when editing the range of numbers in an axis, for example. Therefore it is important to pay attention to how the data comes across in the graphs and make sure the results are being presented accurately and appropriately, so as to not deceive the readers. Resources and Further Reading Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava, and Anna Leon-Guerrero. Social Statistics for a Diverse Society. SAGE, 2018.